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The domestication syndrome includes changes in the genotype, morphology, and development and an increase of secondary metabolites in the vegetable crops. These changes enable domesticated plants to be self-sufficient and sometimes to present pre-domesticated traits, e.g. bitter taste or aphid resistance 27 . Bitter taste was lost during the process of domestication as a consequence of changes in the sugar content and gene sequence analysis is required to identify bitter taste genes 28 . Many studies have investigated the role of secondary metabolites in plant domestication, e.g. the induction of resistance and insect defense in plants is associated with a change in secondary metabolite profiles 29 . In addition, the transition from wild into domesticates is often associated with a decrease in plant size 30 and changes in plant architecture 31 . New traits must be selected and maintained over time by people, and therefore, selection must continue in the domesticated plants 32 . Quinoa arose by the natural hybridization of two distinct wild ancestors, thus representing an ideal case for studying the role of secondary metabolism during the domestication process, since domestication is very fast and happens in small founder populations 33 . Studies on natural populations of quinoa 34 , as well as other plants, have shown that the domestication process is accompanied by changes in the concentration of antioxidant molecules, such as flavonoids and phenolics 35 .
Various molecular datasets were obtained for three representative species: (a) Hanwoo (Korean beef cattle), (b) Ovis aries (sheep), and (c) Capra hircus (goats). For each species, the molecular datasets were treated as three geographical populations (a, b, c). These datasets include one genomic/transcriptomic dataset (e.g., within-species genome information) and one proteomic dataset (e.g., between-species protein identification results).
C. sinensis is highly invasive in some parts of Europe and the Americas. In this study, it was found that considerable genetic variability exists in the C. sinensis populations in mainland China. The horticultural groups differentiated morphologically and by molecular markers. The degree of difference among horticultural groups obtained by SRAP analysis and the cluster analysis with the MEGA software revealed that these methods accurately identified these distinct groups.
The muscadine grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit crops in the US. The common cultivar Virginia grown in this country is prone to powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator, whereas the muscadine grapevine grapevine (‘Norton’ and ‘Camden Queen’) is resistant to this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze molecular and morphological markers, as well as resistance responses of these varieties against powdery mildew. The incidence of powdery mildew of Muscadine grapevine is very high, causing economic losses in the southern United States. The concentration of the phytoalexin resveratrol was quantified in leaves of the resistant and susceptible muscadine grapevine varieties ‘Norton’ and ‘Camden Queen’, respectively. In addition, the effect of resveratrol on the expression of defense-related genes, as well as the morphological, biochemical, and histological changes, was also observed.
In our first experiment, three type of F1 hybrids were selected in order to detect whether they could be used as parents in the second experiment: (1) Plants with very different chromosome composition, since they are the F1 hybrids from a cross between Slim Whitman and Pinza, which are generally known as reciprocal cross populations, whereas (2) plants with very different flower shape, and (3) plants with very different flower color. Four seeds of each type of hybrid were sown in a pot, and in a year, 30 seedlings were maintained in a greenhouse. The parents were removed, and plants were grown under natural sunlight in the greenhouse. We evaluated the phenotypic traits (flower shape, perianth color, and corona color) of the F1 hybrids, and the genotype of pollen and roots were also examined by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Molecular markers were then analyzed using PCA, phylogenetic analysis and correlation analysis to detect the difference in the heritability and genetic variation among traits in the three types of F1 hybrids. The intention of this experiment was to evaluate whether the F1 hybrids could be used as a new kind of daffodil in flower breeding and create novel market-oriented plants.
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